Lupine Publishers | Principles of the Military Consultations in Ancient Egypt
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Introduction
A way from the regular theory, that the royal king always
had the perfect and ideal order and decision [1], when he always
is depicting as an intelligent and wise man, making the correct
solution against the doubts and uncertainties of his councilors [2],
The pattern is basically that the king makes and demonstrates his
superior judgment by the ensuing success [3].
From the beginning of the ancient Egyptian history, the royal
king must had his own courtiers and advisors among the great
ones [3A,3B], to consult with them, concerning the vital matters,
especially when are relating to the country fate [4], the literary
texts depicted several kinds of councils, whether were holding at
the royal palace or outside it.
The first witness of holding a royal council was belonging to
the 4th dynasty, at the reign of the great king Khufu, this council
documented in Westcar papyrus [5] (= Berlin Papyrus 3033), when
the great king Khufu summoned his sons to tell him an exciting
marvel event that had happened in the past, the texts contains a
cycle of tales within a single theme related to the birth of the kings
who will succeed his line family rule, the episode begins when the
king one day felt with a boredom, so he went around every chamber
of his palace, finding something fun to entertain [6]. The story refers
indirectly, the king’s need to own his close and special courtiers
[7], who were emerging obviously at the Middle Kingdome literary
texts (Berlin leather Roll of Senusert 1) [8].
Methodology
The research is concerned with the texts which refer to the
royal consultation dating since the second intermediate period
(Hyksos era) till the reign of the king Thutmose III, it contains four
councils, three of them were held at the 2nd intermediate period
(Apophis, Seqenenre and Kamose), while the 4th one belonged to
the king Thutmose III’ reign.
The research will intend to analyze those councils, the reasons
of its holding, members of the council and their positions, the place
of its holding, the full dialogue that happened between the king
and his councilors, and however the role of both (the king and his
councilors) at these councils, as well as the results and the decisions
which had been adopted.
Principle of Military Consultation in the Second
During the end of the 12th dynasty of the Middle kingdom [9],
considerable details are indicating an increasing in numbers and
activities of the Asiatics who infiltrated and settled around the
eastern borders of the Delta [10], that settlement facilitated the
operation of Hyksos invasion [11], which happened in the second
half of the 13th dynasty of the Middle kingdom [12]. So, the country
was divided into individual parts, the Hyksos invaders established
the 15th dynasty, that predominated the whole Delta region until
the middle Egypt borders at south, while the fugitive king of the
13th dynasty had to leave and ruled his remaining days of his reign
to govern from Thebes [13], when the local governors of Thebes
province hosted him and his royal family after the fall of the
political capital el-Lisht, a short time passed, the Theban governors
had inherited the kingship and authority and were establishing the
16th dynasty, which began the first liberal operations against the
Asiatics invaders.
This latter dynasty was followed by a strong family (the 17th
dynasty) whose kings began the true struggle and liberation wars
against Hyksos, the first engagement occurred during the reign of
Seqenenre Taa in the time of Ippy (Apophis) king of Hyksos.
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